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The Trump administration signaled a clear intent to reshape the federal government through aggressive budget proposals and a concerted deregulatory effort, alongside specific legislative actions pushed through Congress.

 

The DOGE Effect and Budgetary Austerity: A draft budget proposal circulating within the administration outlined deep, potentially transformative cuts across federal health and research agencies, reflecting the influence of the newly established Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE).16 The proposal suggested reducing the Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) discretionary spending by as much as one-third, translating to tens of billions of dollars.

 

Specific targets included:

 

National Institutes of Health (NIH): The world's largest biomedical research funder faced a proposed budget reduction from $48.5 billion to $27.3 billion. This drastic cut was coupled with a plan to consolidate its 27 specialized institutes and centers into just eight, potentially merging research focused on distinct diseases like heart, lung, diabetes, and skin conditions.17 Experts warned this $20 billion cut would severely hamper research into major diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's, while the restructuring itself would be costly and time-consuming.17 This followed earlier moves where NIH grant funding was halted or canceled, sometimes with vague justifications like "not supporting agency priorities," leading to lawsuits alleging political motivations, particularly regarding research on transgender health, LGBTQ+ issues, and workforce diversity.18 Concerns were also raised about proposed caps on indirect cost recovery, which universities rely on to maintain research infrastructure.

 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): The CDC's core budget was targeted for a reduction from over $9 billion to approximately $5 billion. The plan included eliminating the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, which housed programs on adolescent and reproductive health, cancer, heart disease, smoking, nutrition, and obesity.17 This came amidst broader reduction-in-force (RIF) notices impacting thousands of HHS staff, with the CDC reportedly facing significant workforce cuts (around 2,400 employees). Key personnel, like the director of the National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Tuberculosis Prevention (NCHSSTP), were placed on administrative leave, and the center itself faced cuts.18 Public health advocates expressed alarm, particularly regarding the potential impact on STD prevention and control amid rising infection rates and antimicrobial resistance.

 

Food and Drug Administration (FDA): The FDA faced a proposed cut of nearly half a billion dollars, down to $6.5 billion. Part of this reduction involved shifting long-standing responsibilities, such as routine food inspections, entirely to states by expanding existing contracting practices.17 This followed the resignation of the FDA commissioner earlier in the year and plans to cut thousands of FDA positions.18

 

Other Programs: The draft budget also proposed eliminating or drastically cutting funding for Head Start, teen pregnancy prevention, family planning services, Lyme disease research, and global health initiatives.17

 

Beyond HHS, the administration proposed dissolving the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) 6, potentially canceling billions in funding 6, and placed the staff of the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) on administrative leave.6 These actions collectively signaled a significant pullback from federal investment in health, research, social programs, and international aid.

 

Regulatory Rollback and "Unlawful" Rules: Complementing the budget cuts was a concerted effort to reduce federal regulations. On April 9th, a presidential memorandum directed agencies to identify and begin repealing regulations deemed "clearly unlawful," particularly citing recent Supreme Court decisions like Loper Bright, West Virginia v. EPA, and SEC v. Jarkesy that questioned agency authority.8 Agencies were given until April 20th to submit lists of targeted regulations to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA).8 This executive action followed earlier moves, like Executive Order 14219, which initiated a 60-day review of existing regulations.8

 

Specific agency actions reflected this deregulatory push:

 

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced plans to eliminate requirements for most industrial facilities (including refineries, power plants, mines, and manufacturers across roughly 40 sectors) to report their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.21 The justification offered was reducing the "burdensome" cost for businesses, particularly small ones, aligning with proposals from the conservative Project 2025 blueprint.21 Critics argued this would create a data black hole, hindering climate policy and accountability.21

The EPA also postponed the effective date for certain provisions of its trichloroethylene (TCE) risk management rule to June 2025, citing pending litigation 22, and stayed 2025 compliance deadlines for requirements in a final rule related to National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) pending reconsideration.22

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and other agencies issued Requests for Information (RFIs) seeking public input on regulations that could be modified or eliminated as "unnecessary or overly burdensome".8

The Treasury Department issued a direct final rule, effective June 16 unless adverse comments were received, removing several "unnecessary" regulations from Titles 12 and 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations related to the Federal Financing Bank and the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP).23

 

Specific Congressional Actions (Beyond Headlines): While major legislative battles often capture headlines, Congress continued its routine work, passing several laws via the Congressional Review Act to overturn specific agency regulations. In the 119th Congress (as of April 2025), these included:

H.J. Res. 25 (PL 119-5): Disapproving an IRS rule on digital asset sales reporting by brokers.24

S.J. Res. 11 (PL 119-3): Disapproving a Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) rule on protecting marine archaeological resources.24

H.J. Res. 35 (PL 119-2): Disapproving an EPA rule on waste emissions charges for petroleum and natural gas systems.24

Congress also passed the Laken Riley Act (PL 119-1) earlier in the year.24 Numerous bills were introduced in mid-April, addressing diverse issues such as clarifying aquifer recharge flexibility (HB331), authorizing multi-state apprenticeships for veterans' educational assistance (HB2954), reauthorizing graduate medical education payments for children's hospitals (HB2960), requiring studies on insurance coverage for dyspraxia (HB2941), relocating Small Business Administration (SBA) offices from sanctuary jurisdictions (HB2931), establishing tax credits for lead-free aviation gasoline (HB2932), and allowing public health grants to be used for tracking hospital bed capacity (HB2968).25

 

FCC Rule Changes: The FCC finalized a significant rule change under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) regarding consent revocation for robocalls and texts, initially set to take effect April 11, 2025.26 The rule mandated that businesses honor consumer requests to revoke consent made via "any reasonable means," including standardized keywords like "stop" or "quit," within 10 business days.26 However, citing the complexity and time needed for businesses to comply across multiple systems, the FCC subsequently adopted an order delaying the enforcement of the "reasonable means" provision by a full year, to April 11, 2026.26 A provision allowing businesses to send a single, non-promotional confirmation text within five minutes of an opt-out request had already taken effect.26 Separately, a proposed Senate bill, the FCC Legal Enforcement Act, sought to grant the FCC authority to collect its own forfeiture penalties for TCPA violations.27

 

The flurry of federal activity reveals conflicting policy directions. The administration's push for deregulation 8 aims to reduce burdens on businesses, yet the simultaneous imposition of tariffs creates new costs and uncertainties.1 Furthermore, deep budget cuts across health, science, and aid agencies 17 threaten to reduce vital public services, research capacity, and federal support, potentially counteracting any economic stimulus from deregulation. This juxtaposition of policies creates a highly uncertain environment 28, making the net impact on the economy and public welfare difficult to predict and potentially contradictory.

 

A concerning pattern emerges regarding the federal government's capacity for evidence-based policymaking. Actions such as the planned elimination of detailed GHG reporting by the EPA 21, severe budget cuts impacting data collection and research at HHS, CDC, and NIH 17, and service disruptions at agencies like NOAA due to contracting issues 21 point to a systematic reduction in the government's ability to gather, analyze, and disseminate crucial data. Without reliable data on climate emissions, public health trends, environmental conditions, and economic impacts, policymakers operate in an information vacuum, hindering their ability to accurately diagnose problems, design effective solutions, measure progress, and maintain accountability.21 This erosion of data infrastructure poses a significant long-term risk to effective governance.

 

Moreover, the rapid pace of executive orders directing regulatory reviews 8, agency actions to propose, postpone, or stay rules 22, and shifting enforcement timelines (like the FCC's TCPA rule delay 26) generates significant regulatory whiplash. This constant state of flux creates profound uncertainty for businesses and other regulated entities. Difficulty in knowing which rules will apply and when increases compliance costs and risks, potentially discouraging investment and long-term planning more significantly than the substance of the regulations themselves.

 

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